About HTML

HTML is a hypertext mark up language used by the World Wide Web. Unlike a conventional page description language, HTML does not define how to text is to appear. Instead, parts of the text are marked as having certain attributes, such as being a title or a heading. The actual appearance of these style is set by the viewing program to give consistency between all documents.

Because of this difference between HTML and the formats which can be saved from other Impression savers, the HTML tools need to use a set of predefined styles. The actual definitions of the styles do not matter (with a few minor exceptions) but the names of the styles must be exactly correct (matching is case insensitive).

These Impression tools allow you to edit HTML using Impression. You can author WWW pages, mark-up existing Impression documents for inclusion on the WWW, load HTML documents into Impression for use elsewhere and edit existing HTML pages.

These HTML tools do not support HTML 3.0 (HTML+) features, or forms. HTML 3.0 features are mainly effects, for example, commands which change font size, and merely serve to reduce consistency between documents. Consistency is one of the aims of HTML... However, alignment of paragraphs is supported.

Conditions of use

These Impression tools are Shareware. You may use them for up to two weeks, after which you must register your copy or stop using them. You may give copies of the unregistered versions to anyone, but you must ensure that the files are exactly as you received them.

These tools have no connection with Computer Concepts – do not contact CC for technical support relating to the use of these tools. Computer Concepts makes no recommendation or otherwise relating to the use of these tools.

Registering has several advantages...

1. You get versions of the tools which don't put annoying messages urging you to register at the beginning of every file they load and save.

2. You'll get the latest version of the tools, and updates via email.

3. You'll get technical support from me.

4. I have some incentive to improve the tools, so you may get extra features...

5. You'll have a clear conscience.

So, why not register now? If you've used these tools for any real work, you really ought to...

To register, send some money (you decide how much – would you rather use Impression or a text editor, or even worse some random HTML editor on another computer?) to the address below. Tell me your name, postal address and e-mail address - I will email you your registered version. If you want a copy returned by post, include a blank formatted disc and return postage.

To register, report any bugs or anything else, contact me as

Ben Summers
email:

ben@cconcepts.co.uk

address:
1 St Clements Hill
Norwich
NR3 4DE

Email is preferred as it's far quicker for me to respond than any other medium. If you wish to report a bug, please tell me what version of Impression you are using.

(By the way, if you hadn't already guessed, I'd really appreciate it if you'd register...)

Requirements

To use these tools, you need a copy of Computer Concepts' Impression Style, Publisher or Publisher Plus. These are absolutely superb programs – buy lots of copies!

When you try to load the tools into some early versions of Style, you may get a message informing you that the module needs a newer version of Impression. In this case, contact Computer Concepts for details of upgrading to the latest version. This upgrade is usually free.

You can load these tools into Impression by either double clicking on them when Impression is loaded, or placing them in the Auto directory (see the Impression manual).

The Impression HTML saver

You can create a document from scratch using the styles in the supplied 'stylesheet' document, or mark up an existing document by changing styles names as appropriate or importing the style definitions from the 'stylesheet' document and applying them to the existing text. This documentation is also an example marked up document – it uses the predefined styles, and can be exported as an HTML file.

It is possible to create a document which will produce incorrect HTML. You should always follow the rules set out below. However, you should not find them too restrictive as HTML has been designed to be able to mark up any document.

To save a text story as HTML, place the caret in the text, click MENU over the document, and then follow the 'File' and then 'Save text story' submenus.

The Impression HTML loaders

There are two versions of the HTML loader. 'LoadHTML' loads and HTML in a form suitable for editing and then resaving with the HTML saver. 'LoadHTMLd' loads HTML so that it looks like it would in an HTML viewer, ignoring unknown commands, reducing hypertext links to their textual element and reducing images to either the alternative equivalent (if present) or '(image)'.

Both versions of the loader create all the styles described below unless a style with that name is already defined in the document. If you don't like the styles I've defined, modify the 'stylesheet' document, and drag your HTML files into that. Name comparison is case insensitive. All comments in the HTML files are ignored and not included in the document.

It is suggested that you turn the 'Smart quotes' preference option to off before using the editing loader as this can alter text in an unexpected way, which can cause incorrect HTML files to be created if the file is saved out again.

To load an HTML file, load the appropriate loader into Impression, and then drag the file in as you would any other text file.

Types of style

There are several types of style. These behave in different ways, and have differing restrictions on their use.

Heading styles

These styles are used to create headings. In Impression, they are paragraph applied styles. They should only be applied to one paragraph in succession. The heading is all the text from the style on command to the first new line or the style off command. Any text after these is ignored – if you create a line in a heading style in which the style is only applied to half the line, the second half of the line will be lost, and if you create several paragraphs in the heading style, all but the first will be lost.

To ensure that these styles are applied properly, always apply them by placing the cursor in the line of text (don't select anything) and then choose the style from the style menu (or use a keyboard shortcut). To apply one to multiple lines, use this method on each line in turn.

Technical note: The head element is terminated and the body element started after the first heading. These delimiters are used by some WWW searching programs.

Character based styles

These styles are used, for example, to show emphasis, and can be applied to any group of characters. You should not use them within heading styles. You should not in general, apply one character based style over another. You can apply them to text within command styles, but the style should not extend over then end of the command.

Command styles

These styles indicate a command to the saver, such as a hypertext anchor. They have a strict syntax which must be followed as they will be ignored if it is incorrect.

Object styles

These define objects such as horizontal rules in the document, and have individual restrictions on their use.

Styles

The descriptions are shown as


Style name

Hypertext link to the style type description

Information about this style.


Matching of style names in case insensitive, and the actual contents of the style are ignored.


Title

Heading style

This style marks the enclosed text as the title of the document. This is usually shown in the title bar of the window in the viewing application, although it need not be. It is conventional to start the document with a title – this will help certain WWW searching programs.


Heading 1-6

Heading style

These styles mark the enclosed text as a heading. The number is the level. Assuming you are viewing this in an HTML viewer, the levels look like

Heading 1

Heading 2

Heading 3

Heading 4

Heading 5
Heading 6
The lower the number, the greater the importance of the heading. It is conventional to follow the title of the document with a level one heading.


Defined

Character based style

This style marks a word as being 'defined'. It is usually shown in italics, like this.


Emphasis

Character based style

This style marks a word as being emphasised. It is usually shown in bold, like this.


Citation

Character based style

This style marks things like the titles of books and films. They are usually shown in italics, like A Beginner's Guide to HTML.


Code

Character based style

This marks some text as being code, for example a code listing. It is usually displayed in a mono-spaced font. For example

FOR X = 1 TO 10
PRINT "Hello"
NEXT X


Keyboard

Character based style

This marks text as user keyboard entry. Usually displayed in a mono-spaced font, like this.


Status msg

Character based style

This marks text as a computer status message. Usually displayed in a mono-spaced font, like this.


Strong emphasis

Character based style

Strong emphasis, usually displayed in bold, like this.


Variable

Character based style

For a variable where the user is intended to replace it with a specific instance. Usually displayed in italics. For example, *Delete filename deletes the file.


Horizontal rule

Object style

This style should be applied to a line to insert a horizontal rule in the document. Any text on that line ignored.


Address

Character based style

This marks text as an address, for example for contacting the author of the document. You may also wish to apply 'No line space' to the text for correct formatting.


No line space

Character based style

HTML viewers usually format text with a break at the end of each paragraph. Applying this style to a region of text stops breaks appearing after paragraphs.


Preformatted

Character based style

This marks text as preformatted - line breaks and spaces are significant. For example

This is some preformatted text.
  A
   B
    C


Anchor

Command style

This style inserts a hypertext link command into the text. It has a special syntax which you must adhere to if the command is to be output. The command has three elements, the href (a URL specifying what the link links to), an optional name for the anchor so it can be referenced from another document or this document, and finally some text. You must have either an href or a name and the text.

You must separate each element with a ` (top right hand corner key in the main keyboard block). An element can be blank, in which case it is not output. The line has the syntax <href>`<name>`<text>. You can use character based styles in the text, but you mustn't use them in the href and name.

For example http://www.ncsa.uiuc.edu/General/Internet/WWW/ HTMLPrimer.html`primerlink`Beginner's Guide to HTML will set a link to the HTML primer. The link is called 'primerlink' and can be referenced in other links.

The style sets links like Jump to start of this section.


Image

Command style

This style inserts an in-line image command into the text. The syntax is <image name>`<align>`<alternative text>. Align can be 'centre', 'top' or 'bottom', and the alternative text will be displayed if the viewer cannot display images for any reason. For example, to insert the image 'testimg' in the same directory as the file, use to give an image without any alternative text aligned at the top, a test image for an image with alternative text, etc.


List

List (numbered)

List (define)

Object style

These styles generate list structures in the HTML file. To create a list, prefix the element with a tab. Multiple tabs create nested lists. The list type of a list is that of the topmost list type style applied at the beginning of the first tab.

For example, to create a simple list, use

Or too create a numbered list, use

  1. Numbered item one
  2. Numbered item two
  3. Numbered item three
In a definition list, entries are alternately names and the definitions. For example,

Item one
Definition of item one
Item two
Definition of item two
Item three
Definition of item three
As previously mentioned, lists can be nested as below. HTML browsers will generally be able to cope with at least three levels.

The HTML loaders and saver can cope with 16 levels of nested lists, although it's probably not a good idea to use more than three to allow for maximum compatibility with random WWW browsers.

Tabs not covered by a list style are ignored.


Direct

Character based style

This style stops translation of HTML codes that this saver can't output using this set of styles. For example,

This is in the heading four style

will appear in heading four. When using this style, you should ensure that you use valid HTML commands.


Effects

In addition to the styles listed above, the HTML saver converts bold and italic effects to the HTML bold and italic commands.You can also create styles with the names Bold and Italic to give the same effect.

For example, this is bold, and this is italic.

It is generally good style to avoid using these explicit bold and italic statements.

You can use super and subscript effects to output appropriate commands in the HTML source, for example use subscript and superscript. However, not many browsers support these commands yet.


Alignment of paragraphs

You can use the text justification effects to change the alignment of paragraphs of text (use the buttons on the toolbar). For example,

This paragraph is centred.

This paragraph is right aligned.

This paragraph is fully justified. This paragraph is fully justified. This paragraph is fully justified. This paragraph is fully justified. This paragraph is fully justified.


Escape sequences

The following escape sequences are supported:

    Sequence      Character
    &amp;         &
    &lt;          <
    &gt;          >
    &AMP;         &
    &LT;          <
    &GT;          >
    &AElig;       Æ
    &Aacute;      Á
    &Acirc;       Â
    &Agrave;      À
    &Aring;       Å
    &Atilde;      Ã
    &Auml;        Ä
    &Ccedil;      Ç
    &ETH;         Ð
    &Eacute;      É
    &Ecirc;       Ê
    &Egrave;      È
    &Euml;        Ë
    &Iacute;      Í
    &Icirc;       Î
    &Igrave;      Ì
    &Iuml;        Ï
    &Ntilde;      Ñ
    &Oacute;      Ó
    &Ocirc;       Ô
    &Ograve;      Ò
    &Oslash;      Ø
    &Otilde;      Õ
    &Ouml;        Ö
    &THORN;       Þ
    &Uacute;      Ú
    &Ucirc;       Û
    &Ugrave;      Ù
    &Uuml;        Ü
    &Yacute;      Ý
    &aacute;      á
    &acirc;       â
    &aelig;       æ
    &agrave;      à
    &aring;       å
    &atilde;      ã
    &auml;        ä
    &ccedil;      ç
    &eacute;      é
    &ecirc;       ê
    &egrave;      è
    &eth;         ð
    &euml;        ë
    &iacute;      í
    &icirc;       î
    &igrave;      ì
    &iuml;        ï
    &ntilde;      ñ
    &oacute;      ó
    &ocirc;       ô
    &ograve;      ò
    &oslash;      ø
    &otilde;      õ
    &ouml;        ö
    &szlig;       ß
    &thorn;       þ
    &uacute;      ú
    &ucirc;       û
    &ugrave;      ù
    &uuml;        ü
    &yacute;      ý
    &yuml;        ÿ
    &quot;        "
    &ndash;       –
    &mdash;       —
    &ensp;         
    &emsp;         
    &nbsp;             (non-breaking space)
    &copy;        ©
    &trade;       ™
    &reg;         ®
    &iexcl;       ¡
    &pound;       £
    &yen;         ¥
    &brvbar;      ¦
    &sect;        §
    &laquo;       «
    &raquo;       »
    &not;         ¬
    &deg;         °
    &plusmn;      ±
    &sup1;        ¹
    &sup2;        ²
    &sup3;        ³
    &micro;       µ
    &para;        ¶
    &middot;      ·
    &frac14;      ¼
    &frac12;      ½
    &iquest;      ¿
    &frac34;      ¾

Matching is necessarily case sensitive. Unknown escape sequences are ignored in the display loader, and loaded as text marked with the Direct style in the editing loader.

Top bit set characters not in this list are saved as simply that character – this may cause problems in some browsers so ensure you only use ones in this list.


Ben Summers
ben@fluffy.co.uk
b.summers@rhbnc.co.uk